三角函数在复数域中的值域

Jan 7, 2018·
Yi Zhuang
Yi Zhuang
· 2 min read
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已知 𝑧 ∈ 𝐂且 |𝑧| ≤ 1, 求|sin 𝑧|的最大值。

$$已知\ z \in \mathbf{C}且\ |z| \leq 1,求\left| \sin z \right|的最大值。$$$$设\ z = x + yi,x,y \in \mathbf{R}\ ,x^{2} + y^{2} \leq 1$$$$\sin z = \sin(x + yi) = \sin x\cos{yi} + \cos x\sin{yi}$$

(和角公式在复数域中也成立,证明略,

可利用复数域中三角函数的定义)

$$利用\sin x = - i\sinh{ix},\cos x = \cosh{ix}$$$$\sin z = \sin x{\cos h}y + \cos x{\sin h}y\ i$$$$\left| \sin z \right|^{2} = \sin^{2}x\cosh^{2}y + \cos^{2}x\sinh^{2}y$$$$= \sin^{2}x\left( 1 + \sinh^{2}y \right) + \cos^{2}x\sinh^{2}y$$$$= \sin^{2}x + \sinh^{2}y$$

显然,只需考虑$x \geq 0,y \geq 0$的情况即可。

并注意到$\sin^{2}x,\sinh^{2}x在\lbrack 0,1\rbrack 上递增$,

$$因此最大值一定在x^{2} + y^{2} = 1上取到。$$$$于是y = \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}$$$$令\left| \sin z \right|^{2} = \sin^{2}x + \sinh^{2}\sqrt{1 - x^{2}} = f(x)$$$$下求f(x)在\lbrack 0,1\rbrack 上最大值。$$$$首先求导观察:$$$$f^{'}(x) = \sin{2x} - \frac{x}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}\sinh{2\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}$$$$= \sin{2x} - \frac{x}{2\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}\left( e^{2\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}} - e^{- 2\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}} \right)$$$$又有\sin,又有e,还有根号,事情仿佛陷入了僵局。$$

接下去该怎么办呢?

$$我们可以对e^{x}作泰勒展开。$$

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$$e^{x} = 1 + x + \frac{1}{2}x^{2} + \frac{1}{6}x^{3} + \ldots$$$$e^{- x} = 1 - x + \frac{1}{2}x^{2} - \frac{1}{6}x^{3} + \ldots$$$$e^{x} - e^{- x} = 2\left( x + \frac{1}{6}x^{3} + \ldots \right)$$$$当x > 0时有e^{x} - e^{- x} > 2x$$$$故\sin{2x} - \frac{x}{2\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}\left( e^{2\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}} - e^{- 2\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}} \right)$$$$< \sin{2x} - \frac{x}{2\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}} \cdot 2\left( 2\sqrt{1 - x^{2}} \right)$$$$= \sin{2x} - 2x$$$$< 0$$$$因此f^{'}(x) < 0,x \in \lbrack 0,1\rbrack$$$$f(x)有最大值f(0) = \sinh^{2}1$$$$\therefore\left| \sin z \right|在给定条件下最大值为\sinh 1$$
Yi Zhuang
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PhD student in Meteorology
Yi Zhuang is a PhD student at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research focuses on the predictability of the Martian atmosphere, numerical modeling, CNOP, and nonlinear dynamics.